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		<title>Farichazhari's Blog</title>
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		<title>POLITIK</title>
		<link>http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/07/06/politik-5/</link>
		<comments>http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/07/06/politik-5/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 2009 06:12:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>farichazhari</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[politik]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Strategi kampanye 1. mengoptimalkan dukungan dari jaringan keluarga atau kerabat 2. mengoptimalkan jaringan persekawanan 3. memanfaatkan jaringan dalam lingkup pekerjaan 4. menarik dukungan kalangan ulama atau pemuka agama 5. menarik dukungan kalangan birokrasi 6. menampilkan diri sebagai figure yang sudah membuktikan keberhasilan dan karya di masyarakat dan andap asor serta menempatkan pemilih secara terhormat 7. [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=farichazhari.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7793281&amp;post=41&amp;subd=farichazhari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Strategi kampanye</p>
<p>1. mengoptimalkan dukungan dari jaringan keluarga atau kerabat<br />
2. mengoptimalkan jaringan persekawanan<br />
3. memanfaatkan jaringan dalam lingkup pekerjaan<br />
4. menarik dukungan kalangan ulama atau pemuka agama<br />
5. menarik dukungan kalangan birokrasi<br />
6. menampilkan diri sebagai figure yang sudah membuktikan keberhasilan dan karya di masyarakat dan andap asor serta menempatkan pemilih secara terhormat<br />
7. memanfaatkan jaringan kepala desa atau kepala kelurahan<br />
kelompok yang dimobilisasi<br />
1. Jaringan kerabat<br />
2. jaringan pekerjaan<br />
3. organisasi profesi<br />
4. organisasi sepak bola<br />
5. kelompok agama</p>
<p>Media Kampanye<br />
1. Pertemuan<br />
2. kunjungan<br />
3. dialog<br />
4. iklan radio</p>
<p>Isu-isu kampanye<br />
1. Penciptaan lapangan kerja<br />
2. pemberantasan KKN<br />
3. peningkatan pendidikan<br />
4. pelembagaan komunikasi politik</p>
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		<title>POLITIK</title>
		<link>http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/07/06/politik-4/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 2009 06:08:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>farichazhari</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[politik]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/07/06/politik-4/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[LEGITIMASI RELIGIUS KEKUASAAN Inti permasalahan etika politik adalah masalah legitiasi etis kekuasaan yang dapat dirumuskan dalam pertanyaan: dengan hak moral apa seseorang atau sekelompok orang memegang dan mempergunakan kekuasaan yang mereka miliki? Betapapunbesar kekuasaan seseorang, ia selalu dapat dihadapkan dengan tuntutan untuk mempertanggung jawabkannya. Dan apabila pertanggungjawaban itu tidak diberikan, kekuasaan itu tidak lagi dianggap [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=farichazhari.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7793281&amp;post=40&amp;subd=farichazhari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>LEGITIMASI RELIGIUS KEKUASAAN</p>
<p>Inti permasalahan etika politik adalah masalah legitiasi etis kekuasaan yang dapat dirumuskan dalam pertanyaan: dengan hak moral apa seseorang atau sekelompok orang memegang dan mempergunakan kekuasaan yang mereka miliki? Betapapunbesar kekuasaan seseorang, ia selalu dapat dihadapkan dengan tuntutan untuk mempertanggung jawabkannya. Dan apabila pertanggungjawaban itu tidak diberikan, kekuasaan itu tidak lagi dianggap sah. Pemguasa dapat saja tidak memperdulikan tuntutan pertanggungjawaban dan percaya pada kemampuannya untuk menindas segala perlawanan. Tetapi tatanan masyarakat yang hanya berdasarkan intimidasi dari pihak yang memiliki daya pengancam, sudah tidak stabil lagi karena tidak lagi didukung oleh masyarakat. Itulah sebabnya penguasa tidak dapat menganggap sepi tuntutan pertanggung jawaban.<br />
Paham pertanggungjawaban memuat nisbah bersegi tiga:<br />
(1)Seseorang adalah penyebab atau berwewenang<br />
(2) atas apa yang diperbuat dan tidak diperbuatnya<br />
(3) berhadapan dengan pihak yang menuntut pertanggungjawaban.</p>
<p> Maka mempertanggungjawabkan kekuasaan mengandaikan bahwa penguasa memang memiliki kekuasaan dan bahwa masyarakat berhak untuk menuntut pertanggungjawaban. Dalam pengandaian itu sendiri diandaikan bahwa kekuasaan (politik) merupakan realitas yang social duniawi.<br />
Pengandaian itulah yang tidak terdapat apabila kekuasaan dipahami sebagai realitas duniawi, gaib, atau ilahi. Paham inin disebut paham religius kekuasaan. Menurut paham ini kekuasaan bersumber pada alam duniawi, bersifat adiduniawi dan dapat dimiliki orang karena ia dapat menghubungi alam adi duniawi itu. Dengan demikian paham pertanggungjawaban berubah secara radikal. Karena kekuasaan bersifat adiduniawi dan berasal dari alam ilahi, kekuasaan adalah sah dengan sendirinya. Tuntutan agar penggunaan kekuasaan itu dipertanggungjawabkan kehilangan dasarnya. Karena kekuasaan diterima dari atas dan bukan dari masyarakat, tak ada dasar apapunbagi rakyat untuk menuntut suatu pertanggungjawaban. Dengan lain kata, di mana kekuasaan dipahami sebagai suatu realitas religius, paham atau tuntutan legitimasi etis tidak dapat muncul. Yang harus diperlihatkan penguasa ialah bahwa ia betul-betul memegang kekuasaan yang adiduniawi itu.<br />
Di zaman sekarang situasi berubah sama sekali. Berbeda dengan penguasa tradisional, suatu pemerinyah modern harus terus-menerus mengambil keputuasan-keputusan mengenai masalah-masalah baru yang secara mendalam mempebgaruhi kehidupan masyarakat. Setiap keputusan yang salah mempunyai akibat-akibat gawat bagi seluruh masyarakat. Di lain pihak kemenangan kebudayaan industrial modern tidak memberikan ruang lagi bagi kepercayaan, bahwa kekuatan-kekuatan kehidupan yang nyata bersumber di alam gaib. Kekuasaan politik dilihat sebagai realitas yang manusiawi dan social belaka, tanpa ekeramatan apapun.<br />
Dalam situasi seperti ini kelanjutan sisa-sisa legitimasi religius dalam bentuk kesediaan masyarakat, berdasarkan nilai-nilai dan kebiasaan-kebiasaan tradisional, untuk tunduk begitu saja terhadap pimpinan politik yang masih ditradisikan walaupun kepercayaan eksplisit yang menunjangnya sudah tidak ada lagi, mesti menjadi fungsional. Dilepaskan dari kendala-kendala etika religius tradisional dan dari pembatasan-pembatasan social-alamiah dalam system masyarakat tradisional, legitimasi pseudoreligius yang menolak tuntutan pertanggungjawaban terhadap masyarakat dan tidak mau mengizinkan pembentukan lembaga-lembaga control social mesti bermuara pada korupsi dan eksploitasi secara besar-besaran, mengingat perspektif-perspektif ekonomis baru yang dibuka oleh pola ekonomi kapitalis internasional.<br />
Itulah sebabnya setiap bentuk kekuasaan pada zaman sekarang harus dituntut agar dipertanggungjawabkan secara etis.</p>
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		<title>POLITIK</title>
		<link>http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/07/06/politik-3/</link>
		<comments>http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/07/06/politik-3/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 2009 06:06:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>farichazhari</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[politik]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/07/06/politik-3/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ETIKA POLITIK BIDANG DAN METODE ETIKA POLITIK Etika politik adalah filsafat moral tentang dimensi politis kehidupan manusia. Dua cabang filsafat adalah filsafat teoritis dan filsafat praktis. Pertama mempertanyakan apa yang ada, sedangkan yang kedua bagaimana manusia harus bersikap terhadap apa yang ada itu. Jadi filsafat teoritis mempertanyakan apa itu manusia, alam, apa hakikat realitas sebagai [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=farichazhari.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7793281&amp;post=39&amp;subd=farichazhari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>ETIKA POLITIK<br />
BIDANG DAN METODE ETIKA POLITIK</p>
<p>	Etika politik adalah filsafat moral tentang dimensi politis kehidupan manusia. Dua cabang filsafat adalah filsafat teoritis dan filsafat praktis. Pertama mempertanyakan apa yang ada, sedangkan yang kedua bagaimana manusia harus bersikap terhadap apa yang ada itu. Jadi filsafat teoritis mempertanyakan apa itu manusia, alam, apa hakikat realitas sebagai keseluruhan, apa itu pengetahuan, apa yang dapat kita ketahui tentang Yang Transenden dan sebagainya. Dalam ini filsafat teoritispun mempunyai suatu maksud praktis karena pemahaman yang dicarinya diperlukan manusia untuk mengarahkan ung kehidupannya. Sedangkan filsafat yang langsung mempertanyakan praktis manusia adalah etika. Etika mempertanyakan tanggung jawab dan kewajiban manusia.<br />
Kebaikan moral terletak pada perspektif pemandangan.Jadi kata moral selalu nmenunjuk pada manusia sebagai manusia. Maka kewajiban moral dibedakan dari kewajiban-kewajiban lain, karena yang dimaksud adalah kewajiban manusia sebagai manusia, dan norma moral adalah norma untuk mengukur betul salahnya tindakan manusia sebagai manusia.<br />
Dengan demikian etika politik mempertanyakan tanggung jawab dan kewajiban manusia sebagai manusia dan bukan hanya sebagai warga Negara terhadap Negara, hukum yang berlaku, dan lain sebagainya.<br />
Tingkatan criteria bagi betul salahnya tindakan politik, ditingkatan pertama dan paling umum kita menemukan prinsip-prinsip moral dasar, misalnya prinsip keadilan. Prinsip-prinsip tingkat dua bersifat menengah dan sudah mengacu ke suatu bidang permasalahan tertentu, misalnya bahwa prinsip kekuasaan harus dilegetimasikan secara demokratis. Tingkat ketiga menyangkut kriteria-kriteria penilaian yang sesuai dengan zaman dan situasi.<br />
Masalah pokok etika hukum terungkap dalam pertanyaan: hukum macam apa yang adil? Tetapi dalam pembahasan kita tidak perlu mulai pada permulaan, karena posisi-posisi utama dalam masalah ini sudah sejak lama dikemukakan oleh dua kontrahen, yaitu Teori Hukum Kodrat di satu pihak dan Positivisme dilain pihak.<br />
Etika politik akan mempertanyakan argumentasi mereka masing-masing, memeriksa logikanya dan implikasi-implikasi etisnya, akhirnya mengambil suatu sikap yang bias tegas tetapu bias juga bersifat tentative, tergantung dari kepastian yang dicapai, dan berdasarkan sikap itu merumuskan prinsip-prinsip tingkat II tentang hokum positif.<br />
Metode ini disebut kritis negative. Kritis karena kita tidak mulai dengan ulasan pendapat sendiri, melainkan bertolak dari teori-teori dan paham-paham relevan yang ada, yang kemudian kita periksa secara kritis.<br />
Satu prinsip dasar yang diandaikan ialah bahwa manusia apriori dan Prima facie harus bersikap baik dan tidak buruk terhadap siapa dan apa saja yang ada, jadi bahwa terhadap apa saja yang ada kita apriori mengambil sikap yang mendukung, membela, menyetujui, memajukan, melindungi, memberi ruang perkembangan daripada merusak, menyiksa, mengerem, mencekik, membatasi, mematikan. Prinsip itu terwujud dalam prinsip kesejahteraan umum yang mempunyai relevansi poilitik tibggi yang berisi bahwa semua tindakan dan kebijaksanaan, harus demi keuntungan yang sebesar-besarnya dari orang sebanyak-banyaknya, asal saja tidak melanggar hak dan keadilan. Prinsip dasar lain adalah prinsip keadilan yang mengatakan bahwa kita wajib untuk memperlakukan semua orang dengan adil, artinya untuk menghormati hak-hak mereka dan memberikan perlakuan yang sama dalam situasi yang sama. Prinsip keadilan itu sendiri bersandarkan prinsip hormat terhadap person yang mengungkapkan kewajiban untuk memperlakukan segenap manusia sebagai tujuan pada dirinya sendiri dan tidak pernah hanya sebagai sarana untuk tujuan-tujuan lebih jauh betapapun besar manfaatnya. Prinsip itu menuntut juga tanggung jawab manusia terhadap dirinya sendiri: bahkan demi tujuan yang baik ia jangan pernah membiarkan diri dipakai sebagai alat saja, diperas, diperkosa, atau diperbudak.</p>
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		<title>cooperative learning</title>
		<link>http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/cooperative-learning/</link>
		<comments>http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/cooperative-learning/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 14:41:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>farichazhari</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[EDUCATION]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/?p=35</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Cooperative Learning Cooperative learning is a successful teaching strategy in which small teams, each with students of different levels of ability, use a variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject. Each member of a team is responsible not only for learning what is taught but also for helping teammates learn, thus [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=farichazhari.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7793281&amp;post=35&amp;subd=farichazhari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Cooperative Learning</p>
<p>Cooperative learning is a successful teaching strategy in which small teams, each with students of different levels of ability, use a variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject. Each member of a team is responsible not only for learning what is taught but also for helping teammates learn, thus creating an atmosphere of achievement. Students work through the assignment until all group members successfully understand and complete it. Cooperative efforts result in participants striving for mutual benefit so that all group members:<br />
•	gain from each other&#8217;s efforts. (Your success benefits me and my success benefits you.)<br />
•	recognize that all group members share a common fate. (We all sink or swim together here.)<br />
•	know that one&#8217;s performance is mutually caused by oneself and one&#8217;s team members. (We can not do it without you.)<br />
•	feel proud and jointly celebrate when a group member is recognized for achievement. (We all congratulate you on your accomplishment!)<br />
•	Why use Cooperative Learning?<br />
Elements of Cooperative Learning<br />
Class Activities that use Cooperative Learning<br />
Why use Cooperative Learning?Research has shown that cooperative learning techniques:<br />
•	promote student learning and academic achievement<br />
•	increase student retention<br />
•	enhance student satisfaction with their learning experience<br />
•	help students develop skills in oral communication<br />
•	develop students&#8217; social skills<br />
•	promote student self-esteem<br />
•	help to promote positive race relations<br />
•	5 Elements of Cooperative Learning<br />
It is only under certain conditions that cooperative efforts may be expected to be more productive than competitive and individualistic efforts. Those conditions are:<br />
1. Positive Interdependence<br />
(sink or swim together)<br />
•	Each group member&#8217;s efforts are required and indispensable for group success</p>
<p>•	Each group member has a unique contribution to make to the joint effort because of his or her resources and/or role and task responsibilities<br />
2. Face-to-Face Interaction<br />
(promote each other&#8217;s success)<br />
•	Orally explaining how to solve problems<br />
•	Teaching one&#8217;s knowledge to other<br />
•	Checking for understanding<br />
•	Discussing concepts being learned<br />
•	Connecting present with past learnin<br />
3. Individual<br />
&amp;<br />
Group Accountability<br />
( no hitchhiking! no social loafing)<br />
•	Keeping the size of the group small. The smaller the size of the group, the greater the individual accountability may be.<br />
•	Giving an individual test to each student.<br />
•	Randomly examining students orally by calling on one student to present his or her group&#8217;s work to the teacher (in the presence of the group) or to the entire class.<br />
•	Observing each group and recording the frequency with which each member-contributes to the group&#8217;s work.<br />
•	Assigning one student in each group the role of checker. The checker asks other group members to explain the reasoning and rationale underlying group answers.<br />
•	Having students teach what they learned to someone else.<br />
4. Interpersonal &amp;<br />
Small-Group Skills<br />
•	Social skills must be taught:<br />
o	Leadership<br />
o	Decision-making<br />
o	Trust-building<br />
o	Communication<br />
o	Conflict-management skills<br />
5. Group Processing<br />
•	Group members discuss how well they are achieving their goals and maintaining effective working relationships<br />
•	Describe what member actions are helpful and not helpful<br />
•	Make decisions about what behaviors to continue or change<br />
Class Activities that use Cooperative Learning<br />
Most of these structures are developed by Dr. Spencer Kagan and his associates at Kagan Publishing and Professional Development. For resources and professional development information on Kagan Structures, please visit: www.KaganOnline.com</p>
<p>1. Jigsaw &#8211; Groups with five students are set up. Each group member is assigned some unique material to learn and then to teach to his group members. To help in the learning students across the class working on the same sub-section get together to decide what is important and how to teach it. After practice in these &#8220;expert&#8221; groups the original groups reform and students teach each other. (Wood, p. 17) Tests or assessment follows.</p>
<p>2. Think-Pair-Share &#8211; Involves a three step cooperative structure. During the first step individuals think silently about a question posed by the instructor. Individuals pair up during the second step and exchange thoughts. In the third step, the pairs share their responses with other pairs, other teams, or the entire group.</p>
<p>3. Three-Step Interview (Kagan) &#8211; Each member of a team chooses another member to be a partner. During the first step individuals interview their partners by asking clarifying questions. During the second step partners reverse the roles. For the final step, members share their partner&#8217;s response with the team. </p>
<p>4. RoundRobin Brainstorming (Kagan)- Class is divided into small groups (4 to 6) with one person appointed as the recorder. A question is posed with many answers and students are given time to think about answers. After the &#8220;think time,&#8221; members of the team share responses with one another round robin style. The recorder writes down the answers of the group members. The person next to the recorder starts and each person in the group in order gives an answer until time is called.</p>
<p>5. Three-minute review &#8211; Teachers stop any time during a lecture or discussion and give teams three minutes to review what has been said, ask clarifying questions or answer questions.</p>
<p>6. Numbered Heads Together (Kagan) &#8211; A team of four is established. Each member is given numbers of 1, 2, 3, 4. Questions are asked of the group. Groups work together to answer the question so that all can verbally answer the question. Teacher calls out a number (two) and each two is asked to give the answer. </p>
<p>7. Team Pair Solo (Kagan)- Students do problems first as a team, then with a partner, and finally on their own. It is designed to motivate students to tackle and succeed at problems which initially are beyond their ability. It is based on a simple notion of mediated learning. Students can do more things with help (mediation) than they can do alone. By allowing them to work on problems they could not do alone, first as a team and then with a partner, they progress to a point they can do alone that which at first they could do only with help.<br />
8. Circle the Sage (Kagan)- First the teacher polls the class to see which students have a special knowledge to share. For example the teacher may ask who in the class was able to solve a difficult math homework question, who had visited Mexico, who knows the chemical reactions involved in how salting the streets help dissipate snow. Those students (the sages) stand and spread out in the room. The teacher then has the rest of the classmates each surround a sage, with no two members of the same team going to the same sage. The sage explains what they know while the classmates listen, ask questions, and take notes. All students then return to their teams. Each in turn, explains what they learned. Because each one has gone to a different sage, they compare notes. If there is disagreement, they stand up as a team. Finally, the disagreements are aired and resolved.<br />
9. Partners (Kagan) &#8211; The class is divided into teams of four. Partners move to one side of the room. Half of each team is given an assignment to master to be able to teach the other half. Partners work to learn and can consult with other partners working on the same material. Teams go back together with each set of partners teaching the other set. Partners quiz and tutor teammates. Team reviews how well they learned and taught and how they might improve the process.</p>
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		<title>PRINSIP CTL</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 14:35:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>farichazhari</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[EDUCATION]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Principles of Contextual Teaching Learning Contextual teaching learning approach has seven main principles as follows: 1.Constructivism Constructivism is a theory of learning, which emphasizes people in building their own knowledge little by little and enlarging it in a limited context (Johnson in Nurhadi, 2000). Knowledge is not a set of facts, concepts or principles, which [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=farichazhari.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7793281&amp;post=33&amp;subd=farichazhari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Principles of Contextual Teaching Learning<br />
Contextual teaching learning approach has seven main principles as follows:<br />
1.Constructivism<br />
Constructivism is a theory of learning, which emphasizes people in building their own knowledge little by little and enlarging it in a limited context (Johnson in Nurhadi, 2000). Knowledge is not a set of facts, concepts or principles, which is ready to take and remember but people have to construct and comprehend it through real experience. Students have to involve and active in a learning process by using prior knowledge and experience then apply it to a new situation. Teachers help students to find deep understanding of learning concept and make knowledge more meaningful, give a chance for students to find and apply their own ideas and learning strategy.<br />
2.Inquiry<br />
Inquiry is the core of Contextual Teaching and Learning activity that give an opportunity for students to get the active and concrete learning experience (Johnson in Djoehana, 2002). The students learn to initiate by developing their skill in solving problem, making decision and doing research. Inquiry activity pushes students to be a little scientist by following inquiry cycle, i.e. observation, questioning, hypothesize, data gathering and conclusion. The teachers have to always arrange activities in classroom that refer to doing an explanatory in order to fin new knowledge.<br />
3.Questioning<br />
Questioning is main learning strategy, which is based on Contextual Teaching and Learning. In teaching and learning process, questioning is seen as an attempt to encourage, lead, and evaluate students’ intelligence (Johnson in Nurhadi, 2002). It is also a part of inquiry activities. This enables the teacher to train students’ language function. Questioning is useful to stimulate other activities such as writing a report based on questioning information or telling it orally in front of the class. A questioning activity between teachers and students, students and students or other sources will make learning activities more lively, real, fun, and effective.<br />
There are seven reasons why questioning:<br />
a.To know the student’s knowledge<br />
b.To raise student’s curiosity<br />
c.To focus student’s attention to the objective of teaching and learning<br />
d.To stimulate student’s response<br />
e.To initiate further questions<br />
f.To review the previous lesson<br />
g.To find out whether students have understood or not the lesson presented</p>
<p>4.Learning Community<br />
Learning Community (LC) is a group of people who cooperate and interact with others to reach a learning goals by speaking and sharing information, ideas, helping each other and create learning that is greater than if they worked alone (Johnson in Nur Mukminatien, 2002). Teachers make students involve themselves into heterogeneous groups so that those who have better intelligence can help others.<br />
This technique gives such a big influence that the teacher can employ the learning process with applicable stages; constructing steps that follow some small or big discussion groups, inviting an expert in class such as a farmer and a nurse, working together with students in the same stage of class or a senior in school, and working together with society.<br />
2 Crucial Points about Learning Community:<br />
a.Speak and Share Ideas: LC is the implementation of CL with its activity of teamwork doing tasks.<br />
b.Collaborate with others to create learning that is greater than if we work alone: It may result in achieving greater and more satisfying result than working alone.<br />
5.Modeling<br />
Modeling is a process of demonstrating to show how something is done. Modeling means action, exemplification, or demonstration. A teacher should give example of one task to the students, for example, how to use a thermometer, how to write a paper or pronounce English well. By doing so, they know and can identify the task then at the end, they can apply it in their own.<br />
In a classroom based on Contextual Teaching and Learning, everyone can be a model. It can be a teacher, students, a nurse or a doctor. Students are able to use models as a competence standard, which should be obtained and support students to study more seriously.<br />
6.Reflection<br />
	Reflection provides ways of what students have already learned and done in the past. In reflection student respond events, activities, and experiences, and think about what they have been learning and how to use it (Johnson in Nunung Suryati, 2003). For example, after learning English pronunciation the students realize that their pronunciation is still bad then they have to study hard to improve it. In the end of the lesson, the teacher does a reflection. To do this, she comes through the realization such as giving direct statement about what students have learned on that day on certain notes in students’ books, students’ impression and advice about the lesson on that day or the discussion over the students’ work (paper).<br />
In short, for teachers, reflection enables them to introspect of what s/he has seen and heard, prevent from impulsive behaviour, and motivate the students to reflect about their lesson. For students, this will enable them to have responses to events, activities or knowledge they have just gained.<br />
7.Authentic Assessment<br />
Assessment is the ongoing process of gathering and analysing evidence of what a student can do. Authentic assessment is a variety of strategies to collect any data that can inform student’s learning improvement and also used to evaluate students’ knowledge skill (Johnson in Nurhadi, 2002). The data are very important for teachers to know whether students get any troubles in their learning process. These data are based on students’ daily activities, mid test and final test. However, the result of a written test is not the main way to evaluate students’ competence. In doing authentic assessment, teachers can use some media such as students’ project, homework, quiz, presentation or students’ performance, demonstration, report, and the result of the written test.<br />
In other words, authentic assessment is used to describe the multiple forms of assessment that reflect students learning achievement, motivation, and attitudes on instructionally-relevant classroom activity.<br />
The characteristics of authentic assessment:<br />
a.	Involving real experiences<br />
b.	Making use of the existing human resource and equipments<br />
c.	There is a chance to get information<br />
d.	Students are engaged in relevant activities<br />
e.	There is an effort and an exercise<br />
f.	Including self-assessment and reflection<br />
g.	Identifying student’s strength and weaknesses<br />
h.	Clear assessment criteria<br />
i.	Constructive answer<br />
j.	Students think more deeply<br />
k.	Meaningful and challenging tasks<br />
l.	Related tasks between language skill and knowledge<br />
m.	It needs collaboration and cooperative learning<br />
n.	Focusing on objects<br />
Those authentic assessment characteristics can tell about the students. Besides, the students are trained to know about their environment</p>
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		<title>CTL METHOD</title>
		<link>http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/ctl-method-2/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 14:30:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>farichazhari</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[EDUCATION]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Characteristics of CTL Contextual/concrete learning systems are different in several respects from traditional academic/conceptual learning systems and are characterized by the following: 1. Centralization of pragmatic life/work issues The primary concern in contextual/concrete learning systems is to fill the gap between what students know and what they need to know to compete in a world [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=farichazhari.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7793281&amp;post=31&amp;subd=farichazhari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Characteristics of CTL<br />
Contextual/concrete learning systems are different in several respects from traditional academic/conceptual learning systems and are characterized by the following:<br />
1. Centralization of pragmatic life/work issues<br />
The primary concern in contextual/concrete learning systems is to fill the gap between what students know and what they need to know to compete in a world economy and successfully fulfill basic adult life roles.<br />
2. Integration of academics with real-life experiences<br />
Contextual learning systems integrate academic subjects, such as science, mathematics and English, with applications in the workforce.<br />
3. Personalization of instruction<br />
Contextual learning personalizes academic content for the student. Declarative or factual knowledge is transferred to a personal experience for the student so the knowledge is internalized.<br />
4. Visualization of abstract ideas<br />
Although visualization of abstract ideas and concepts in the mind’s eye may be beneficial for many students, it may not work for all. Contextual learning presents abstractions by methods that appeal to the functions of the five physical senses—seeing, hearing, smelling, touching and tasting. </p>
<p>5.Demonstration of utility<br />
Contextual teaching methods demonstrate the utility of the material being taught. A student should not need to ask, &#8220;Why do I have to take this course?&#8221; </p>
<p>6.Provision of factual knowledge on a &#8220;need-to-know basis&#8221;<br />
In strategic lesson planning within a contextual teaching system, the teacher may sometimes provide factual knowledge on a need-to-know basis. Factual knowledge is more easily learned from an experience that makes immediate sense to the student rather than by simply memorizing and storing the facts for use at some future date. As the student increases his or her skill in a particular competency and actually needs to know more, the knowledge base can be increased. </p>
<p>7.Removal of the knowledge-intimidation factor</p>
<p>Many students may look at a thick textbook at the beginning of the school year and immediately develop a defeatist attitude. The potential of overcoming what may be an overwhelming knowledge-intimidation factor is strength of contextual teaching. Imparting factual and declarative knowledge to the student on a need-to-know basis is sometimes difficult when using traditional textbook materials, whereas presenting the information in knowledge bits or modules often removes the knowledge-intimidation factor.</p>
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		<title>CTL METHOD</title>
		<link>http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/ctl-method/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 14:24:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>farichazhari</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[EDUCATION]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[A. What is CTL? The following is a quotation about teaching-learning: &#8220;Students learn best and retain what they have learned when they are interested in the subject matter and concepts are applied to the context of the students&#8217; own lives.&#8221; This is to say that a classroom should be designed in such a way that [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=farichazhari.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7793281&amp;post=28&amp;subd=farichazhari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A.	What is CTL?<br />
The following is a quotation about teaching-learning:<br />
&#8220;Students learn best and retain what they have learned when they are interested in the subject matter and concepts are applied to the context of the students&#8217; own lives.&#8221;<br />
This is to say that a classroom should be designed in such a way that the teacher performs his ability to make the teaching material/topic interesting and to help students understand the concepts by applying them to the context of real world.<br />
The quotation above goes with the principle of Contextual Teaching Learning, that is, a teaching-learning system which refers to an educational process that aims to help students see meaning in the academic material they are studying by connecting academic subjects with the context of their daily lives, that is, with the context of their personal, social, and cultural circumstances</p>
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		<title>BISNIS</title>
		<link>http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/bisnis/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 14:17:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>farichazhari</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[BISNIS]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/?p=20</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Berikut ini ada beberapa tips yang bisa membuat alur kas anda menjadi positif : 1.Lebih menjual dengan cara cash dari pada menjual secara kredit Kita semua tahu bahwa menjual secara cash lebih baik dari pada menjual melalui kredit disamping banyak manfaanya yaitu kita bisa terhindar dari risiko piutang macet. Kalaupun menjual secara kredit harus diperhitungkan [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=farichazhari.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7793281&amp;post=20&amp;subd=farichazhari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Berikut ini ada beberapa tips yang  bisa membuat alur kas anda menjadi positif :</p>
<p>1.Lebih menjual dengan cara cash dari pada menjual secara kredit<br />
Kita semua tahu bahwa menjual secara cash lebih baik dari pada menjual melalui  kredit disamping banyak manfaanya yaitu kita bisa  terhindar dari risiko piutang macet. Kalaupun menjual secara kredit harus diperhitungkan bunga bank dan waktunya, misalnya tidak lebih dari 30 hari.</p>
<p>2.Meminta pembayaran ke pemasok lebih fleksible<br />
Pembayaran yang fleksible kepada pemasok itu sangat menguntungkan buat mengatur kas. Kita bisa meminta waktu pembayaran ke pembayaran 45 hari samoai 60 hari. Dengan meminta waktu pembayaran ke pemasok 45 hari dan kita menjual secara kredit 30 hari. Maka kita masih mempunyai keuntungan 15 hari untuk memutar arus kas kita.</p>
<p>3.Apabila kita membayar lebih awal ke pemasok,kita bisa meminta discount tambahan<br />
Dalam kondisi yang serba cepat, biasanya pemasok meminta pembayaran lebih awal untuk mengatur arus kasnya. Apabila pemasok meminta pembayaran lebih awal untuk mengatur dan ada diskon maka kesempatan tersebut jangan disia-siakan .</p>
<p>4. Jangan membeli barang dari satu pemasok<br />
Ketika kita membeli barang usahakn sebelumya kita sudah membandingkannya antara pemasok satu dengan pemasok lainya. Atau antara produksi satu dengan produksi lainnya. Minimal kita mempunyai dua pemasok buat perbandingan.semua itu dialakukan untuk agar kita bisa mengambil keuntungan dari pola pembayaran, misalnya bulan ini kita mengambil baarang dari pemasok A untuk pembayaran 45 hari, bulan berikutnya kita mengambil barang dari pemasok B untuk pembayaran 45 hari juga. Maka total pembayaran ke pemasok tersebut adalah 90 hari.</p>
<p>5.Menjalin hubungan baik dengan pelanggan dan pemasok<br />
Menjaga hubungan baik dan intens antara pelanggan dan pemasok adalah hal yang penting  karna semua itu bisa mempunyai manfaat ketika ada masalah maka semua akan mudah untuk diselesaikan dengan baik, misalnya, pelanggan suatu saat meminta dikirim barang lagi karna ada order  tambahan,maka kita bisa memint tolong pada pemasok untuk secepatnya mengirim barang meskipun barang sebelumya  belum kita bayar.<br />
<ins datetime="2009-07-06T05:56:35+00:00"></ins><br />
 6. Memantau piutang yng sudah jatuh tempo<br />
Dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak sistem akuntansi, maka kita bisa memaantau umur piutang kita ke pelanggan dan hutang kita ke pemasok. Apabil piutang sudah da yang jatuh tempo maka kita bisa segera menagihnya. Dengan pemantauan yang baik, maka kas kita terhindar dari kekosongan.</p>
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		<title>TIPS JITU  MENJUAL BUKU</title>
		<link>http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/tips-jitu-menjual-buku/</link>
		<comments>http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/tips-jitu-menjual-buku/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 14:12:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>farichazhari</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[BISNIS]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/?p=18</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Enam cara untuk menjual buku.diantaranya yaitu : 1. Cantumkan catalog beberapa buku yang anda jual secara online. Hal ini sangat bermanfaat bagi kita karna melalui ini pelanggan akan mudah untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang buku yang anda jual. 2. Jika kita sudah memiliki Website yang mengatur halaman untuk buku baru yang kita jual. Kita perlu membuat [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=farichazhari.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7793281&amp;post=18&amp;subd=farichazhari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Enam cara untuk menjual buku.diantaranya yaitu :<br />
1. Cantumkan catalog beberapa buku yang anda jual secara online. Hal ini sangat bermanfaat bagi kita karna melalui ini pelanggan akan mudah untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang buku yang anda jual.<br />
2. Jika kita  sudah memiliki Website yang mengatur halaman untuk buku baru yang kita jual. Kita perlu membuat kata atau frase yang menarik seseorang masuk dan mudah untuk mengunjungi webside kita. Sehingga mereka bisa mengetahui informasi tentang buku – buku yang kita jual. Internet adalah cara yang paling efektif dan murah untuk menjual buku-buku kita. Namun kita harus mengetahui bahwa banyak persaingan  bisnis penjualan buku  dalam dunia maya ini. Maka dari itu kita harus mengetahui  bagaiman cara  untuk menarik seseorang ke situs kita dan bagaimana kata kunci untuk melakukan aktivitas dan menggunakannya,<br />
3. Membuat sebuah toko buku yang dikonsep secara menarik  sehingga para pelanggan tidak bosan untuk mengunjungi toko buku kita. Misalnya melengkapi toko buku kita dengan layanan WIFI  dan kafe sederhana yang menyediakan menu – menu menarik seperti es crim dan lain – lain. sehingga hal ini menyebabakan pelanggan merasa nyaman untuk mengunjungi toko kita. Mereka tidak hanya membeli buku tapi bisa menikmati layanan WIFI dan  juga menikmati makanan yang kita jual.<br />
4. Bekerja sama dengan perpustaan. Kita bisa manjual buku – buku kita keperpustakaan, baik melalui perpustakaan sekolah maupun daerah. Cara ini sangatlah efektif untuk memajukan bisnis kita. Karna pada dasarnya perpustakaan selalu membutuhkan buku – buku yang kita jual khususnya buku – buku yang berkopetence.<br />
5. Hadirkanlah selalu buku – buku yang baru  dan berkualitas tinggi ditoko kita. karna buku yang baru dan berkualitas tinggi adalah buku yang sering banyak diminati dan laris dipasaran. contohnya seperti buku – buku best seller. Dengan melalui cara ini kita  mudah untuk mendapatkan keuntungan.<br />
6. Jualah buku kita dengan memberikan beberapa discounts.  ketika dalam berbisnis usaha kita mengalami kesulitan untuk mendapatkan pelanggan  kita bisa menggunakan metode cost production, yaitu kita bisa memberikan discouts dari harga dasar pada buku yang kita jual.</p>
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		<title>ENTREPRENEURSHIP</title>
		<link>http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/enterpreneurship/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 14:10:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>farichazhari</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[BISNIS]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farichazhari.wordpress.com/?p=16</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[karakteristik seorang entrepreneorship adalah • Orang yang memiliki kemampuan pengendalian diri yang tinggi • Orang yang memiliki semagat yang tinggi • Orang Mampu mentoleransi ambiguistas rasa percaya diri • Orang yang memiliki keinginan untuk dihargai • Orang yang mampu berorientasi untuk bekerja demi mencapi keinginanya • Orang yang memiliki penghargaan pada diri sendiri dan kemerdekan [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=farichazhari.wordpress.com&amp;blog=7793281&amp;post=16&amp;subd=farichazhari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p> karakteristik seorang entrepreneorship adalah<br />
•	Orang yang memiliki kemampuan pengendalian diri yang tinggi<br />
•	Orang yang memiliki semagat yang tinggi<br />
•	Orang Mampu mentoleransi ambiguistas rasa percaya diri<br />
•	Orang yang memiliki keinginan untuk dihargai<br />
•	Orang yang mampu berorientasi untuk bekerja demi  mencapi keinginanya<br />
•	Orang yang memiliki penghargaan pada diri sendiri dan kemerdekan fleksible.</p>
<p>Untuk menjamin keberhasilan berwirausaha khususnya berwirausaha dalam penjualan buku ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan yaitu:<br />
Memiliki motivasi yang tinggi untuk  maju<br />
Obsesi yang besar atas peluang<br />
Kreatifitas yang tinggi<br />
Mampu menerima resiko<br />
Kepemimpinan yang baik<br />
Komitmen serta determasi yang kuat Kemampuan teknis yang memadai<br />
Kemampuan pengelolaan bisnis<br />
Kemampuan wirausaha mandiri </p>
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